- Chromosome - These are the structures that hold genetic information. There may be single chromosome as in bacteria or multiple chromosomes as in eukaryotic organisms.
- Gene - It is unit of information that encodes a genetic characteristic. And it is the fundamental unit of heredity.
- Allele - Different forms of a gene that occurs at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
- Trait - Certain characteristic of an individual that is inherited.
- Genotype - Genetic constitution of an individual.
- Phenotype - The observed characteristics of an individual.
- Genome - The entire genetic material of an organism.
- Locus - Location of a specific gene or a DNA sequence on a chromosome.
- Homologous chromosomes - Chromosomes that are identical to each other in morphology (shape and structure) and genetic constitution (same gene sequence, centromere location, loci and chromosome length). A pair of homologous chromosome consists of chromosome from father (paternal) and chromosome from mother (maternal).
- Homozygous - Similar alleles of a gene is present in the specific locus of a pair homologous chromosomes.
- Heterozygous - 2 different alleles of a gene are present in the specific locus of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
References:
- P.Arora, M. (2005). Genetic Engineering (1st ed.). Himalaya Publishing House.
- Glossary of Genomics Terms. (2013, April 10). Genetics and Genomics | JAMA | JAMA Network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1677346.
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