Cytoplasm Vs Cytosol

Hey guys,

Confused about terms like cytoplasm, protoplasm, nucleoplasm, cytosol etc.? Not to worry! Here comes the explanation!

Protoplasm - Everything inside the cell membrane. Protoplasm can be divided into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

Nucleoplasm - Everything in the nucleus that is whatever inside the nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. 

Cytoplasm (cytosol + cell organelles) - Everything inside cell membrane except nucleus is called cytoplasm. Simply, cytosol and all cell organelles make cytoplasm. 

Cytosol (cytoplasm - cell organelles) - It is the part of cytoplasm and it is the fluid part that flow inside the cell.

Hope you like the information!

RNA Virus Vs DNA Virus

In the previous post, we learned about the classification of viruses. In this, let us look into the differences between DNA and RNA viruses.

RNA Virus	DNA Virus
Genetic material - RNA	Genetic material - DNA
Most of them are single-stranded	Most of them are double-stranded
Unstable compared to DNA viruses, high mutation rate	Stable, less mutation rate
RNA replication - in the cytoplasm of host cell	DNA replication - in the nucleus of the host cell
In Baltimore classification, Class III, IV, V, and VI are RNA viruses	In Baltimore classification, Class I, II and VII are DNA viruses
E.g.: Coronavirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus	E.g.: Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxvirus
Diseases caused by RNA viruses: HCV, Ebola, SARS, HIV	Diseases caused by DNA viruses: Smallpox, Herpes, Human Papillomavirus infection

References :

• F, I. (2018, November 7). DNA and RNA Viruses. Difference Between. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-dna-and-rna-viruses/.
• Lakna, B. (2017, December 6). Difference Between DNA and RNA Viruses | Definition, Classes, Biosynthesis, Similarities. Pediaa.Com. https://pediaa.com/difference-between-dna-and-rna-viruses/.
• Shaffer, C., PhD. (2019a, February 26). The Baltimore Classification System. News-Medical.Net. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/The-Baltimore-Classification-System.aspx

DNA Vs RNA

               Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids made up of nucleotides. They both are essential molecules for storing and reading genetic information in an organism.  Let us see the differences between them!

Comparison	DNA	RNA
Full form	Deoxyribonucleic acid	Ribonucleic acid
Structure	Longer chain, double-stranded arranged in double helix made up of deoxyribonucleotides	Shorter chain, single-stranded made up of ribonucleotides
Nucleotide	A nitrogenous base, 2’-deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group	A nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate group
Function	Stores all genetic information of an organism	Involved in protein synthesis
Nitrogenous bases	Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)	Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C)
Nitrogenous base pairs	AT and GC	AU and GC
Location	Present in the nucleus, some amount of DNA also seen in mitochondria	Found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome
Replication	Self-replicating	Synthesized by transcription when it is needed (DNA to RNA conversion)
Stability	More stable than RNA due to the 2’-deoxyribose. Also, thymine (5’-methyl uracil) makes DNA stable	Less stable than DNA due to the presence of the 2’-hydroxyl group which is more prone to hydrolysis
Reactivity	Less reactive than RNA, does not have any free groups to make DNA more reactive	The free 2’-hydroxyl group make RNA more reactive

 

References :

• Mackenzie, R. J. (2021, November 25). DNA vs. RNA – 5 Key Differences and Comparison. Genomics Research from Technology Networks. https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/lists/what-are-the-key-differences-between-dna-and-rna-296719
• Latham, K. (2021, January 22). DNA vs. RNA. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/dna-vs-rna/

Bio Safety Cabinet Vs Laminar Air flow Cabinet

Whether you should go for bio safety cabinet or opt for laminar air flow??

The laminar air flow and bio safety cabinet, both are protection equipment used in laboratories for performing different kinds of work. These two appear to be same and have many differences. Each equipment has different levels of safety. Based on our needs, we should decide which one is suitable for us. We can choose between these depends on what we are intended to safeguard, whether the user, product, environment or all the three.

Laminar Air Flow Cabinet	Bio Safety Cabinet
Protects only the product in the chamber	Protects the user, product, and the environment from hazardous materials
Only suitable to work with noninfectious agents and culture samples	Suitable to work with infectious agents
2 types - Vertical and Horizontal Laminar air flow cabinet (based on the direction of air flow)	3 types - Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Biosafety cabinet (based on the level of protection)
Vertical laminar air flow cabinet – Air moves from the top to the work bench Horizontal laminar air flow cabinet – Air moves from behind towards the user	Class 1 BSC - only operator and environment safety Class 2 BSC – user, product, and environment safety. Based on the exhaust, air velocity and pressure, it is further classified into A1, A2, B1, B2 and C1 Class 3 BSC (Glove box) - complete user, product, and environment safety
Air from the environment (room where the cabinet is placed) pulled by the blower and enter the work bench through HEPA filter.           Air from the work bench move towards the user then back to the environment.           Unidirectional air flow with fixed velocity and pressure.           Some cabinets have UV light for sterilization.	These BSCs are provided with HEPA filters to decontaminate the air moving out.           Most BSC also used to sterilize the materials kept inside.

    

Hope this information helps! ☺